In time she named him her official Indian Secretary. However, Edward VII ordered the correspondence between his mother and Karim burned. [12], After a journey by rail from Agra to Bombay and by mail steamer to Britain, Karim and Buksh arrived at Windsor Castle in June 1887. Her son, The celebration was marked by vast crowds of spectators and great outpourings of affection for the, Betterment Moves Beyond Robo-Advising With Human Financial Planners, A Digital Media Startup Growing Up With Millennial Women, Indonesias Largest Fleet Of Taxis Teams Up To Beat Ride-hailing Apps, Five London Tower Blocks Evacuated Over Cladding Safety Fears, New campaign wants you to raise funds for abuse victims by ditching the razor, New York Newest Vegan Spot: No Shade From Us, Shady Shack Is On Point. [124] Eventually the King returned four, on condition that they would be sent back to him on the death of the Munshi's first wife. [32] As usual, Victoria spent Christmas 1892 at Osborne House, where the Munshi, as he had in previous years, participated in tableaux vivants arranged as entertainment. He lived the rest of his life peacefully and was even visited in 1905 by the future King George V, then Prince of Wales. "[25] Photographs of him waiting at table were destroyed and he became the first Indian personal clerk to the Queen. In her later years, she also grew to an impressive girth. The Queen insisted on taking Karim with her on her travels, which caused arguments between her and her other attendants. She hosted lavish banquets and parties for Indian princes and European nobility and rode in elaborate processions accompanied by the Colonial Indian cavalry. [126], As the Munshi had no children, his nephews and grandnephews inherited his wealth and properties. The prisoners in the Central Jail in Agra were trained as carpet weavers. Written by Abdul Karim, this letter of devotion to Queen Victoria survived her son Edward VII's efforts to eradicate all traces of his mother's close friendship with her teacher. He traveled with her through Europe, was given the best seats at banquets and operas, and the queen commissioned several portraits of him. This covers 37 generations and goes all the way back to the 9th century. Karim did not accompany the prisoners, but assisted Jail Superintendent John Tyler in organising the trip, and helped to select the carpets and weavers. They had a very close, platonic relationship with Karim being involved in all personal and royal matters of the queen. 1. Photo by Arul Horizon". The Queen duly had Karim remain at Windsor, then when the party had settled into the Excelsior Regina hotel, wired Karim to come and join them. JOJO A-GO!GO! This tension continued and worsened over the years. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". He traveled with her through Europe, was given the best seats at banquets and operas, and the queen commissioned several portraits of him. Isa Abdul-Karim and his sister, Munti. 1. In 1890, Queen Victoria, knowing she could not trust her family or the royal household to take care of Karim after her death, had arranged for a grant of land in the Agra suburbs to be given to him. On the third morning of her Golden Jubilee celebrations in June 1887, a tired Queen Victoria was greeted by a tall, bearded young man in a scarlet tunic and white turban. Which is correct poinsettia or poinsettia? Karim was packed off back to India, where his health. He also offered her tips on weight loss after the Queen ballooned in size and could no longer fit into any of her clothes. Queen Victoria died at Osborne House age 81, on Tuesday 22nd January 1901, at half past six in the evening. Victoria & Abdul. [82], During the Queen's annual holiday in the French Riviera, in March 1895, the local newspapers ran articles on Le Munchy, secrtaire indien and le professor de la Reine, which according to Frederick Ponsonby were instigated by Karim. Wiki User. Queen Victorias Indian court room at her former Isle of Wight palace has reopened to the public following conservation work. He was a young servant from India. Growing up in a Muslim household, he was the second of six children, with one older brother and . [109], Karim asked Victoria for the title of "Nawab", the Indian equivalent of a peer, and to appoint him a Knight Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire (KCIE), which would make him "Sir Abdul Karim". Indian attendants were brought to the royal household to help with the festivities as well. Knowing that his mother would have wished it, King Edward VII allowed Karim to view the Queen he had served in her coffin. Within three months she was dead.[114]. Queen Elizabeth II became the monarch of the royal family following her father's death in 1952. During the summer of 1887, she asked Karim to teach her Urdu, Karims native language, and Hindustani. Among the earliest was mercury, with silver nitrate, arsenic, bismuth and even gold recommended at different times. [54] Lansdowne made a point of informing the Queen: quite recently one of the men who at the peril of his life, and under a withering fire helped to blow up the Kashmiri Gate of Delhi in the Mutiny, received, on his retirement from the service, a grant of land yielding only Rs 250 for life. The long letter I enclose which was written nearly a month ago is entirely and solely my own idea, not a human being will ever know of it or what you answer me. April 1909 Abdul Karim / Date of death He earned a degree in aeronautical engineering . Victoria & Abdul: The True Story of the Queen's Closest Confidant is a book about Queen Victoria and her Munshi Abdul Karim, researched and written by Shrabani Basu, published by The History Press in 2010, and adapted to produce the feature film Victoria & Abdul in 2017. He traveled with her through Europe, was given the best seats at banquets and operas, and the queen commissioned several portraits of him. Tired and dazed, the head of the household, Abdul Karim, opened the front door to find a group of soldiers standing outside. Begin typing your search term above and press enter to search. Her Namaz-e-Janaza was offered in Cavalry Ground Lahore at 10 AM on 15 January 2012, then at 2:00pm in D Ground Faisalabad, and later in her village Chak Ram Divali at 4:00 pm the same day. [68] In the words of a contemporary newspaper account, "The King did not understand why this magnificent and imposing Hindoo should have been formally presented to him. We are a team with 10 years experience in content delivery. By 1897, according to Reid, Karim had gonorrhea. Ponsonby's son Frederick was Elgin's aide-de-camp in India for a short time before being appointed an equerry to Victoria. Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom, a descendant of King Edward VII, is currently the oldest living great-great-grandchild of Queen Victoria as well as her oldest living descendant. [46] She wrote to Reid expressing her anxiety and explaining that she felt responsible for the welfare of her Indian servants because they were so far from their own land. The popular idea in Italy is that the Munshi is a captive Indian prince, who is taken about by the Queen as an outward and visible sign of Her Majesty's supremacy in the East. Tomb of Abdul Karim; Photo Credit www.indiatoday. The Queen expected them to welcome Karim, an Indian of ordinary origin, into their midst, but they were not willing to do so. [51] Lansdowne replied that grants of land were given only to soldiers, and then only in cases of long and meritorious service. Our goal is to provide useful information for everyone that is looking for an answer. Racialism was a scourge of the age; it went hand in hand with belief in the appropriateness of Britain's global dominion. Amid fresh alarm about inhumane . Abdul-Jabbar was an NBA star with the Milwaukee Bucks at the time, but his connection with Lee began before he played . Victoria died of a cerebral haemorrhage, which is a type of stroke. Muhammad Avdol to Imposter Captain Tennille, Chapter 128 , . Directly descended from Edward VII. Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. MUMBAI: Karim Lala, who died of a heart attack here late on M o n d a y night, was the last of the dons from an era when smuggling was the only crossb [107] Reid claimed in his diary that he had challenged Karim over his financial dealings: "You have told the Queen that in India no receipts are given for money, and therefore you ought not to give any to Sir F Edwards [Keeper of the Privy Purse]. Abdul Karim was born in 1863 in Lalitpur in British India now in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. The 2017 feature film Victoria & Abdul, directed by Stephen Frears and starring Ali Fazal as Abdul Karim and Judi Dench as Queen Victoria, offers a fictionalised version of the relationship between Karim and the Queen. by Susan Flantzer Unofficial Royalty 2018, Portrait of Abdul Karim by Rudolf Swoboda, 1888; Credit Wikipedia. Updated Oct 14, 2017, 5:28 am IST Javed Mahmood, Abdul Karim's great grandson It was an April morning in Bengaluru and Javed Mahmood, as was his custom, sat down to flip through the newspapers.. [85] Tyler was astonished by Karim's elevation when he visited England the following month. He served her during the final fourteen years of her reign, gaining her maternal affection over that time. "[108] The Munshi told the Queen he would provide receipts in answer to the allegations, and Victoria wrote to Reid dismissing the accusations, calling them "shameful". Karims family had possession of Karims diary and made the letters and the diary public in 2010. In May 1892, the Munshi returned to India on six months' leave; on his return, his wife and mother-in-law accompanied him. He may have been very fit and just died of natural causes, even if his friend says it simply "doesn't add up." How far does Queen Elizabeths bloodline go? Find out more about the life and work of Queen Victorias husband, Prince Albert. [63] Victoria visited regularly, usually bringing her female guests, including the Empress of Russia and the Princess of Wales, to meet the Munshi's female relatives. After Queen Victorias death in 1901, Karim was given a pension, sent back to India and his papers were destroyed. Previous Next. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. [123] The Viceroy (by then Lord Minto), Lieutenant-Governor John Hewitt, and India Office civil servants disapproved of the seizure, and recommended that the letters be returned. These metals were administered as, Two or three of the major STIs [in humans] have come from animals. "[132], Historians agree with the suspicions of her Household that the Munshi influenced the Queen's opinions on Indian issues, biasing her against Hindus and favouring Muslims. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. What did Abdul Karim died from? Abdul Karim served the queen for 14 years until she died in 1901. Throughout their 14-year friendship, which lasted until Queen Victorias death in 1901, the monarch made her fondness for Karim apparent. [96] On receiving Elgin's reply that they were "Respectable and trustworthy but position of family humble",[96] Hamilton concluded "the Munshi has done nothing to my knowledge which is reprehensible or deserving of official stricture enquiries w[oul]d not be right, unless they were in connection with some definite statement or accusation." Unable to travel to India, Queen Victoria sought to embrace her elevated status as Empress of India by filling the Durbar Room with Indian chintz, learning Urdu and employing Indian servants like Abdul Karim. Abdul was banished and died eight years later, a broken man. Victoria had arranged for a female doctor to examine the Munshi's wife in December 1893, as the couple had been trying to conceive without success. We know, for example, that gonorrhoea came from, Gonorrhea is caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Did Marilyn Monroe do her own singing in. After Queen Victoria's death in 1901, Karim was given a pension, sent back to India and his papers were destroyed. Spread among 13 occupied and historic royal residences in the United Kingdom, the collection is owned by, Who owns Osborne House? He was buried in a mausoleum at the Panchkuin Kabaristan Cemetery in Agra beside his father. Mohammed Abdul Karim CVO CIE (1863 20 April 1909), also known as "the Munshi", was an Indian attendant of Queen Victoria. He traveled with her through Europe, was given the best seats at banquets and operas, and the queen commissioned several portraits of him. [91], In March 1897 as members of the Household prepared to depart for Cimiez for the Queen's annual visit, they insisted that Karim not accompany the royal party, and decided to resign if he did so. In the last 13 years of Queen Victoria's life, she spent a great deal of time with Abdul Karim, who came from India initially to wait on the queen's table, but soon became part of her inner circle. He wore his C.V.O. Victoria was enchanted by the idea of being empress of India. After Queen Victoria died in 1901, King Edward VIII gave Osborne House to the state and part of it became the Royal Naval College, Osborne. [56] Lansdowne met both the Munshi and Waziruddin privately, and Lady Lansdowne met his wife and mother-in-law, who were smuggled into the Viceroy's camp in secrecy to comply with rules of purdah. Who is Mohammed Avdol in Stardust Crusaders? The celebration was marked by vast crowds of spectators and great outpourings of affection for the 78-year-old Queen. [122], On the instructions of Edward VII, the Commissioner of Agra, W. H. Cobb, visited Karim Lodge to retrieve any remaining correspondence between the Munshi and the Queen or her Household, which was confiscated and sent to the King. . This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Yes. Queen Victoria's children did their best to conceal especially her relationship with her Indian servant, Abdul Karim whom she called "Munshi". The film is based on the book of same name by Shrabani Basu, about the real-life relationship between Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom and her Indian Muslim servant Abdul Karim. On September 19, a New York City man named Isa Abdul Karim became the 11th person to die on Rikers Island, the city's notorious jail complex, in less than a year. Nevertheless, the Viceroy agreed to find a grant for Karim that would provide about 600 rupees annually, the same amount that an old soldier could expect after performing exceptionally. He only helps her to read words which she cannot read or merely ordinary submissions on warrants for signature. Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. Spread among 13 occupied and historic royal residences in the United Kingdom, the collection is owned by Elizabeth II and overseen by the Royal Collection Trust. [41] In June 1889, Karim's brother-in-law, Hourmet Ali, sold one of Victoria's brooches to a jeweller in Windsor. He managed to pay his school fee by selling fruits and vegetables on trains. Victoria biographer Carolly Erickson described the situation: The rapid advancement and personal arrogance of the Munshi would inevitably have led to his unpopularity, but the fact of his race made all emotions run hotter against him. In 1886, 34 convicts travelled to London to demonstrate carpet weaving at the Colonial and Indian Exhibition in South Kensington. After Victoria's death, Karim's house was raided by Bertie and almost all of the many hundreds of letters from Victoria were destroyed. Karim had one older brother and four younger sisters. [116] Almost all of the correspondence between Victoria and Karim was burned on Edward's orders. [83] In the Queen's 1895 Birthday Honours that May, Karim was appointed a Companion of the Order of the Indian Empire (CIE),[84] despite the opposition of both Rosebery and Fowler. [9] The Queen had a longstanding interest in her Indian territories and wished to employ some Indian servants for her Golden Jubilee. Queen Victorias outspoken nature and imposing reputation belied her tiny staturethe monarch was no more than five feet tall. We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. And I am pretty sure this guy was not difference. [112], The Munshi returned to India in November 1899 for a year. The Queen owns some of the collection in right of the Crown and some as a private individual. In April 1909, Karim Abdul died at his home Karim Lodge at the age of 46. Victoria had arranged for a female doctor to examine the Munshi's wife in December 1893, as the couple had been trying to conceive without success. 103104 and Basu, p. 192, Victoria to Salisbury, 17 July 1897, quoted in Longford, p. 540, Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn, Princess Victoria Melita of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, Companion of the Order of the Indian Empire, "Death anniversary of Queen Victoria's personal secretary Munshi Abdul Kareem observed", "Victoria and Abdul: The Truth About the Queen's Controversial Relationship", "Queen Victoria confidante Abdul Karim's descendant 'honoured' by royal connection", "The lost diary of Queen Victoria's final companion", "Victoria and Abdul is another dangerous example of British filmmakers whitewashing colonialism", Sovereign Ladies: The Six Reigning Queens of England, Queen Victoria and Abdul: Diaries reveal secrets, Abdul Karim, who taught Queen Victoria Hindustani, Entries mentioning Abdul Karim in Queen Victoria's Journals, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abdul_Karim_(the_Munshi)&oldid=1134383282, This page was last edited on 18 January 2023, at 11:54. Queen Victoria/Husband. Victoria was 68, Abdul Karim, 23. The name Durbar references the Indian word meaning both a state reception and the hall where such gatherings were held. [111] Nevertheless, in 1899, on the occasion of her 80th birthday, Victoria appointed Karim a commander of the order (CVO), a rank intermediate between member and knight. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". He died in 1909. After Queen Victorias death in 1901, Karim was given a pension, sent back to India and his papers were destroyed. Abdul Karim, at the age of 26, had received a perpetual grant of land representing an income of more than double that amount in recognition of his services as a member of your Majesty's Household. Was Abdul Karim married? The bloodline of the current royal family can be traced back some 1,209 years! did abdul karim die of gonorrhea. Members of the Middleton family have been related to the British royal family by marriage since the wedding of Catherine Middleton and Prince William in April 2011, when she became the Duchess of Cambridge. From 1954, Queen Elizabeth II gave permission for the house to be opened to the public and, How far does Queen Elizabeths bloodline go? [39], When complaints were brought to her, Victoria refused to believe any negative comments about Karim. 5 Why did Muhammad Avdol disguise himself as his father? Abdul Kalam's life Achievements - A.P.J (Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam) born on October 15, 1931, in Rameshwaram India. [32] Karim refused to travel with the other Indians and appropriated the maid's bathroom for his exclusive use. However, the Queen had been growing weaker for several years before her death. Nov. 12, 2015. On the third morning of her Golden Jubilee celebrations in June 1887, a tired Queen Victoria was greeted by a tall, bearded young man in a scarlet tunic and white turban. [11] It was planned that the two Indian men would initially wait at table, and learn to do other tasks. Updated April 29, 2019 The friendship that blossomed between Queen Victoria and Abdul Karim scandalized the royal court, which tried to erase Karim from history once the Queen died. Nevertheless, [it] insinuated into her confidence an inferior person, while it increased the nation's dizzy infatuation with an inferior dream, the dream of Colonial Empire. All content copyright Unofficial Royalty 2023, Breaking News: Crown Princess Mette-Marit of Norway diagnosed with chronic pulmonary fibrosis, Unofficial Royalty Current Monarchies Websites, Royal News Recap for Tuesday, January 17, 2023, Royal News Recap for Monday, January 16, 2023, Margaret of Windsor, Countess of Pembroke. Due to a strong disapproval of the seizure of the letters by members of the colonial Indian government, some of the letters were returned to Karims heirs, his nephews and great-nephews. Tomb of Abdul Karim; Photo Credit - www.indiatoday [125] Karim's family, who had emigrated to Pakistan during the Partition, kept his diary and some of his correspondence from the time concealed until 2010, when it was made public. Isa Abdul-Karim, 42, was a wheelchair-bound man who died in Rikers Island, only days before he was set for early release. Historic England Archive An 1893 portrait of Queen Victoria's Munshi, Abdul Karim. Within two years he became the queen's Munshi (teacher) and taught her Urdu as well as keeping her letters. Which memorial do you think is a duplicate of Abdul Karim (76616002)? Directly descended from Edward VII, Queen Elizabeth is Victorias great-great granddaughter. He was closer to the queen than even her own children. The couple has three children, George, Charlotte and Louis. Queen Victoria wanted no embalming. Victoria appointed him to be her Indian Secretary, showered him with honours, and obtained a land grant for him in India. Karim also had no reservation about using his station to help his family. Towards the end of her life, she could write half a page of fluent Urdu. The gonorrhea bacteria are most often passed from one person to another during sexual contact, including oral, anal or vaginal intercourse. Your IP: Abdul-Karim died Sunday, Sept. 19, 2021, in the North Infirmary Command on Rikers Island. Karim was appointed to the position of Munshi (teacher) with secretarial duties. [45] In early 1890, Karim fell ill with an inflamed boil on his neck and Victoria instructed Reid, her physician, to attend to Karim. Arfa Karim Randhawa, who became the world's youngest Microsoft Certified Professional at the age of nine, died at the weekend after a heart attack following an epileptic fit. [19], Victoria took a great liking to Karim and ordered that he was to be given additional instruction in the English language. In April 1909, Karim Abdul died at his home Karim Lodge at the age of 46. Victoria came to like him a great deal and gave him the title of "Munshi" ("clerk" or "teacher"). 145146 and Nelson, p. 110, Basu, p. 182; Hibbert, pp. Queen Victoria expected them to welcome Karim but they were not willing to do so and Karim expected to be treated as an equal. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". Abdul Karim (the Munshi) Mohammed Abdul Karim CVO CIE (1863 20 April 1909), also known as " the Munshi ", was an Indian attendant of Queen Victoria. [85], After the 1895 United Kingdom general election, Rosebery and Fowler were replaced by Lord Salisbury and Lord George Hamilton respectively. He was born the son of a hospital assistant near Jhansi in British India in 1863. Major-General Thomas Dennehy, who was about to be appointed to the Royal Household, had previously employed Buksh as a servant. Karim also had no reservation about using his station to help his family. I am told he lives quietly here and gives no trouble at all. This answer is: She listed the exact period of her married life in a tragic collection of numbers, from years down to the very hours. The Queen took his part, stating that he should have been seated among the Household. June 7, 2022; privateer 141 vs commencal meta tr . When did Victoria die? 18401861 [17] By 30 August Karim was teaching her Urdu,[18] which she used during an audience in December to greet the Maharani Chimnabai of Baroda. [34][35], Karim's swift rise began to create jealousy and discontent among the members of the Royal Household, who would normally never mingle socially with Indians below the rank of prince. [80] Victoria's advisors feared Karim's association with Rafiuddin Ahmed, an Indian political activist resident in London who was connected to the Muslim Patriotic League. But Dr. Abdul-Karim, 41, was holistic and his cause of death is clearly listed as a massive heart attack, apparently suffered while training. According to the Queen, von Angeli was keen to paint Karim as he had never painted an Indian before and "was so struck with his handsome face and colouring". Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. For a dark-skinned Indian to be put very nearly on a level with the queen's white servants was all but intolerable, for him to eat at the same table as them, to share in their daily lives was viewed as an outrage. On the third morning of her Golden Jubilee celebrations in June 1887, a tired Queen Victoria was greeted by a tall, bearded young man in a scarlet tunic and white turban. Aug 23, 2018 Katie Vernon. In 1887, when he was 24, he was one of two. She speaks English in a limited manner"[65], Reid never saw Mrs Karim unveiled, though he claimed that whenever he was called to examine her, a different tongue was protruded from behind the veil for his inspection. This article is the intellectual property of Unofficial Royalty and is NOT TO BE COPIED, EDITED, OR POSTED IN ANY FORM ON ANOTHER WEBSITE under any circumstances. In time, she even had him knighted. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. He was closer to the queen than even her own children. For memorials with more than one photo, additional photos will . Prince Albert (full name Prince Franz August Karl Albert Emanuel) was born on the 26 August 1819, the younger son of Ernest I, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld (later Saxe-Coburg-Gotha) and Duchess Louise of Saxe-Coburg-Altenburg. When the queen died in 1901, her children burned every letter she sent Karim, whom they unceremoniously deported back to India. [43], The Queen, influenced by the Munshi, continued to write to Lord Lansdowne on the issue of Tyler's promotion and the administration of India. The Queen eats to live whereas Prince Philip lives to eat, says McGrady. For other uses, see, Quoted in Basu, p. 43; Hibbert, p. 446 and Longford, p. 502, Victoria herself acknowledged that "he is a very irascible man, with a violent temper and a total want of tact, and his own enemy, but v. kind-hearted and hospitable, a very good official, and a first-rate physician", to which Lansdowne replied, "Your Majesty has summed up that gentleman's strong and weak points in language which exactly meets the case." Karim and Queen Victoria in 1893; Photo Credit Wikipedia. [133] But suspicions that he passed secrets to Rafiuddin Ahmed are discounted. [67] The following year, during Victoria's annual holiday in continental Europe, he was presented to King Umberto I of Italy. Following Victorias death in 1901, her successor, Edward VII, returned Karim to India and ordered the confiscation and destruction of the Munshis correspondence with Victoria. She was the Queen of the British Empire. She asked Tyler to recruit two attendants who would be employed for a year. Film /. Victoria was 68, Abdul Karim, 23. [55], Lansdowne visited Agra in November 1890. Karim was born the son of a hospital assistant at Lalitpur, near Jhansi in British India. [81] There is no indication that these fears were well-founded, or that the Munshi was ever indiscreet. : Not Known; His father, who was an employee of Indian Railways, died when Abdul was quite young. Around 1859 another treatment was popular. She expressed reservations on the introduction of elected councils on the basis that Muslims would not win many seats because they were in the minority, and urged that Hindu feasts be rescheduled so as not to conflict with Muslim ones. On a journey through Italy, he published an advertisement in the Florence Gazette stating that "[h]e is belonging to a good and highly respectful famiely [sic]". The . [78], Frederick wrote to Elgin in January 1895 that Karim was deeply unpopular in the Household, and that he occupied "very much the same position as John Brown used to". Abdul Karim Telgi hailed from Khanapur in Karnataka. Average Age & Life Expectancy Abdul Karim lived 51 years shorter than the average Karim family member when he died at the age of . Victoria asserted that "no political papers of any kind are ever in the Munshi's hands, even in her presence. Did Abdul Karim really have gonorrhea? Family, friend, or fan, this family history biography is for you to remember Abdul Karim. We will review the memorials and decide if they should be merged. As a result, throughout the first six months of 1889, Victoria wrote to the Viceroy of India, Lord Lansdowne, demanding action on Waziruddin's pension and Tyler's promotion.
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