In the context of developments such as urbanization, large numbers of Natives are in contact with non-Natives, increasing intermarriage rates. Who gets to tell the story, and what story do they get to tell? Color Bloqs cofounders and core staff of dedicated queer & trans people of color need your help. 2023 Although the federal governments use of blood quantum limits the number of Natives who have access to certain federal benefits, tribes currently have the right to determine their own tribal membership requirements. Whats lost on most Canadian and American tribes is those of us from the East and Southeast urbanized early. Proven bio dad enrolled? Through dialogue, communities better acknowledge the roles lived experience, cultural connection, pre-colonial forms of knowledge production, and blood-based classifications all play in shaping indigeneity. Whos Really Responsible for Climate Change? The federal government used blood quantum to determine allotment eligibility and also granted Native people with lower blood quantums the ability to sell their allotments. In order to federally be considered native, you have to be enrolled. Few people I talked to cared about the blood quantum of potential partners until college. Its not uncommon for Native families to have some children who are enrolled and some who arent. Suddenly, I was surrounded by Indigenous students. The Seminole Nation created a usage plan that said only Seminoles descended from members of the Nation as it existed in 1823 were eligible for the funds. Canada, where a First Nation has decided to open enrollment to people who have no Indian ancestry at all, Diversity, Equity, Inclusion and Accessibility at GBH, Transparency in Coverage Cost-Sharing Disclosures. Kids enrolled. Principal Chief of the Cherokee Nation Chad Smith denied accusations of racism in the exclusion of Freedmen, instead arguing that later Congressional legislation like the Five Tribes Act of 1906 abrogated Freedmen rights to citizenship. One means of control was defining what it meant to be an Indian. The dominant White society in the United States has changed and manipulated legal and sociological constructions of race to further its goals: to acquire more land, preserve the institution of slavery, prevent certain groups of people from becoming citizens, maintain the White race, and more. By contrast, many tribes and nations do not include blood quantum as part of their own enrollment criteria. A person's blood quantum is defined as the fraction of their ancestors, out of their total ancestors, who are documented as full-blood Native Americans. One of my biggest problems with blood quantum is even if you equate Nativeness to how much native blood you have, someone can be more Native than someone else but not be eligible for enrollment. I nickname them the BQMs (Blood Quantum Mechanics). The US government wants tribes to keep using blood quantum so that one day, nobody will have enough tribal blood to be enrolled in a tribe. That history is very clear. Natives face lower life expectancies and disproportionate poverty rates, leading to the increased rates of: 3 times the rate of type 2 diabetes-related deaths, 1.7 times the rate of suicides, and 6.5 times the rate of alcohol-related deaths compared to whites. WebThe term blood quantum is used to refer to the amount of Alaska Native or American Indian blood a person has. How long will this tribe last? Calculating blood quantum involves dividing an individuals parents combined degree of Indian blood in half. Consanguinity, meaning direct family descendance, was not exclusive in determining group membership, however. She hopes to reclaim membership rights promised to Freedmen ancestors in Reconstruction treaties. In late 2001, Marilyn Vann, a woman with Cherokee and Black ancestry, applied for citizenship to the Cherokee Nation. %%EOF Native nations sovereignty allows them to define their own citizenship criteria; some nations currently using blood quantum are in the process of considering possible alternatives. The definitions of Indian are inconsistent because the government is constantly reshaping those definitions in order to fit its aims. h[ks) vs13Xz'k}? Spending the first half of my life without tribal citizenship, only to gain this distinction once our tribe lowered the blood quantum minimum, Ive experienced both sides of the divide. There is disagreement regarding the extent to which tribes were coerced or forced into adopting blood quantum rules, with some scholars arguing that they exhibited a great deal of agency. Blood quantum proponents state that their nation has had these particular rules in place for a certain period of time, and theyd prefer to stick with the status quo. Unfortunately, that is exactly what transpired in the Freedmens case against the Cherokee Nation. And I don't think that anyone would argue that it isn't that. Today, about 70% of the federally recognized Native nations that share geography with the United States use blood quantum as a metric for citizenship. Russell Means explained that 40% of the natural resources are held on trust land. White settlers first imposed blood quantum in the early colonies as a way of limiting the rights of Native people. Others see disregard for blood quantum as a way to build up a nations numbers for the sake of survival. Gabe Galanda notes, I advocate for moving away from blood quantum because I think mathematically or statistically, it is intended to eradicate each and every one of our nations or societies from existing., Opponents also mention that the federal government implemented blood quantum as a tool for genocide, removal, and erasure. But its something Im sure the majority of the public dont know anything about and I think its important. Blood quantum is a measure of the amount of Indian blood, expressed as a fraction such as one-half or one-fourth. Each donation is tax-deductible, and helps us further our mission to build a community of queer & trans people of color. Sure, I could control whether or not to act based on my desires, but the interest itself was uncontrollable. News. Blood quantum was initially a system that the federal government placed onto tribes in an effort to limit their citizenship. But really it's a mathematical equation. 2022 Harvard Political Review. This is because if they let too many people enroll, they risk losing federal recognition and tribal property. Not feeling sexual attraction toward anyone was queer enough to start fights, just like the potential proof of interest in the wrong people. Of course, there is a desire on some individuals' part to claim an identity for affirmative-action purposes. And his son Tatanka Means. Blood Quantum in the modern sense was first officially used by the BIA after the passage of the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934, better known as the Indian Welfare Act. (Well say more about why the amounts were usually incorrect later.) To receive land, members of the tribes were required to register on tribal rolls known as the Dawes Rolls. [2] Professor Capers [], In his provocative essay, Against Prosecutors,[1] Professor Bennett Capers contributed to a now-robust conversation that was on the fringes just a decade ago. The governments goal was to break up tribes by encouraging individual family farming. [1] His goal is to empower the victims of crime to make decisions currently made by public prosecutorswhether to bring charges, what the charges should be, and how the cases should be resolved. Can you talk to me about how the concept of blood quantum came to be used for Native tribes? The blood quantum policy was first implemented by the federal government within tribes to limit native citizenship. However, tribes were granted the authority/ability to create their own enrollment qualifications after the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934. Where was the term derived from? They have the final say when it comes to decisions about blood quantum and citizenship. Both restrictive rules could be understood as their ongoing quest to overcome the effects of their colonization and dispossession of their sovereignty and lands. When the Bureau of Indian Affairs began recording blood quantum designations in the 1880s, white settlers had the final say when it came to the numbers. Sometimes its relatives or close friends. If you're Native American, this controversial term about your blood can affect your identity, your relationships and whether or not you can become a citizen of your tribe. But what the heck is a real native? On these rolls, the Dawes Commission assumed three racial categories: freedmen, intermarried Whites, and Indians by blood. Ones racial classification dictated the size and location of their allotment: Full-blood Natives received small parcels of land while mixed-blood Natives received larger, better tracts of land. If you follow blood quantum, you can trace every native line to its extinction. Within these barriers of classification, come issues, specifically in the medical aspect. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/. As we mentioned at the start of this guide, blood quantum is controversial, with many different arguments for and against. The federal government, and specifically the Department of the Interior, issues what is called a "Certified Degree of Indian Blood," and that is a card similar to an ID card. Blood Quantum policies are little other than genocidal and will eventually lead to the extinction of indigenous people. Indian Freedmen or their ancestors were formerly enslaved by Indian tribes. I have heard of one example in Canada, where a First Nation has decided to open enrollment to people who have no Indian ancestry at all. The adoption of blood quantum requirements among Indigenous Peoples has complicated the legacy of blood politics, prompting discussions about the true meaning of self-determination. Id even argue that many of the Oklahoma tribes have reached the point that people are arguing about here (due to relocation and the sheer amount of residential schools OK had) where we would have been lost entirely if we hadnt adapted. Does any other ethnicity have to enroll to be a member of their own ethnicity? So this is a little long. When Im referring to a specific tribe, I refer to the tribe by its name. We should not It was so uncontrollable that occasionally perceptive people could recognize these desires in me whether I wished them to or not. Im a huge fan of Russell Means. On the Trail of Tears, Freedmen were the backbone that helped the Cherokee Nation survive. How did people know that those original enrollees had "full blood quantum"? Blood quantum. Hardly any tribes are looking to move away from a blood quantum regime so I would say that its here to stay. Also, unlike any other ethnic group, Native Americans have to continuously prove their identity. Dr. Jill Doerfler notes, Were careful to try to help people see that citizenship is one thing, and services and entitlements, while connected to citizenship, are different. This guide provides a non-comprehensive beginners introduction to blood quantum and its implications for sovereignty. She describes this framework in her book Real Indians, Identity and the Survival of Native America, proposing that Radical Indigenism illuminates differences in assumptions about knowledge that are at the root of the dominant cultures misunderstanding and subordination of indigenous knowledge. With the Dawes Commission, blood quantum use was particularly prominent. The use of blood quantum as a genetic cut-off point for Indian people is viewed by many as an instrument of assimilation and extermination. From the time that European colonists set foot on American shores and made contact with Native[1] peoples, they have sought to control the land and resources that first belonged to the tribes. If a prospective citizens blood quantum is lower than 14, they are not eligible to become a citizen of the Lower Brule Sioux Tribe. Native Governance Center, Blood Quantum and Sovereignty Event Recording. The question, its need, is ever constant. [2] I have put references to type or amount of blood in quotation marks because they denote social constructs, not biological realities. It requires honest, sustained, and, no doubt, difficult dialogue, not politicking, and the critical reinterpretation of cultural resources in the service of kinship, not the blind reproduction of divisive racial hegemonies-in short, ga-du-gi, all working together.. Because of their black appearance, they were listed on a separate roll. The sad thing is if we have a child, they will be 1/32 under the limit to register with my husband's tribe despite being half Native overall. There wasnt a single self identified queer in our town and suspected ones found regular beatings a part of their life. My tribe doesn't use blood quantum for obvious reasons. Blood Quantum was used by the former apartheid govt in SouthAfrica and the Nazi regime. Why do tribes use blood quantum? Surplus reservation land was then open to homesteaders and corporations for purchase, creating patchwork quilt-like reservations with both American Indian and non-American Indian landholdings. Other laws did not provide any definition of Indian identity, leaving it up to the courts to decide. Although it remains to be seen whether the pendulum will swing away from the engagement with abolitionist theory that intensified in the wake of the May 2020 murder of George Floyd, a [], 2022 Jorde Symposium: Frederick Douglass and the Two Constitutions: Proslavery and Antislavery, 2021 Jorde SymposiumThe Third Founding: The Rise of Multiracial Democracy and the Authoritarian Reaction Against It, 2022 Public Interest/Public Service Bar Grant Fundraising Campaign. "The systems are so complicated," she explains, "but it's all part of tribes deciding on their own terms, in their own ways, utilizing their own sovereignty [to decide] what approach is best for them.". But our primary identity continues to be a political one. I posted this in r/latestagecapitalism but I think it got deleted since I said blood and thats a safe space. Blood quantum emerged as a way to measure "Indian-ness" through a construct of race. The federal government used this strategy to further strip Native nations of their land base. Just not for yourself). Simply Blood Quantum was created by federal governments to eradicate Indigenous peoples. Without doubt, the Cherokee Nation engaged in blatant racial discrimination. The book is a compilation of articles by Indigenous intellectuals examining the history and current use of blood quantum to determine tribal citizenship and why its a problem. It can affect your identity, your relationships and whether or not you or your children may become a citizen of your tribe. The use of Euro-American definitions of identity is outdated, as is blood quantum. This guide is based on our event content; we are grateful to our presenters for sharing their insight with us. These laws were enacted by the federal government and state governments as a way to establish legally defined racial population groups. Meaning that those individuals don't meet the federal Canadian requirements of being a "status Indian," and they also don't have that blood quantum or descendancy from an original enrollee. Since the U.S. government was giving the Seminole Nation a limited amount of money for the seized land, the Nation naturally wanted to limit the number of people who received funds. Typically. Got a Pendleton jacket as a gift and they really got our My brother got featured on the official 7/11 page rocking One of my favourite pieces I've made called "Dancer". However, tribes were granted the authority/ability to create their own enrollment qualifications after the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934. Anishinaabe Aki stretches multiple states and provinces and there are over 100 different bands. The one drop rule measured the amount of "black blood" that black people had in society. This law was used to reduce the civil rights of Indigenous people with or greater blood quantum. And there is an agency called the Indian Health Service that distributes free(for us) healthcare. Even having the necessary parts, they refuse to be used in such manner. If someone was Black and Native American, they were Black (unless they were seeking U.S. citizenship), no matter how much Native American blood they had. Blood quantum, a means of quantifying a persons Indigenous ancestry in the United States, has a bleak history as an erasive tool used by the federal government. The importance of community dialogue in the development of Cherokee citizenship requirements was articulated by S. Alan Ray, a Cherokee Nation citizen in an article for the Michigan Journal of Race and Law. If each tribe is able to determine their own their own enrollment requirements, are there any tribes out there that you've heard of that are deciding to forego lineal descent and blood quantum and deciding to use another completely different method? Taking blood quantum this seriously made me laugh, as did all the imaginary babies. Home. So, lineal descendant supporters think about high memberships through the lens of existence as a resistance right. Blood quantum was initially a system that the federal government placed onto tribes in an effort to limit their citizenship. Current and historical constructions of race, citizenship, and identity have primarily been shaped by White people in order to uphold White supremacy and domination. Thats why defending blood quantum has Indigenous people sounding like white supremacists products of white supremacy will ALWAYS align with white supremacy. When I tell my students this, they assume I loved rebuttals for the intellectual one-upmanship. All in all, blood quantum limits the holistic meaning of what it means to be Native American. The government saw blood quantum as a way to strip. The concept of blood quantum dates back to the 18th century. She hopes to spread awareness on the inequities indigenous people face and help create an easy way to enlighten people on the topics through The Indigenous Foundation! %PDF-1.5 % Maya Harmon: Membership Development Editor, California Law Review Vol. Whether by requiring a higher blood quantum for federal recognition and benefits, denying Indigenous people U.S. citizenship, or influencing tribes to adopt their own blood quantum requirements, White people have been the gatekeepers of Native American identity. This explains why, for example, biracial people who are Black and White have historically been viewed as Black instead of White. Bennett Caperss article Against Prosecutors challenges us to imagine a world where we turn away from prosecution as we know it, and shift power from prosecutors to the people they purport to represent.[1] In this world, crime victims decide whether to prosecute their own cases, and public prosecutors play a subsidiary role, taking primary responsibility [], When I was a prosecutor, I relished closing arguments, especially standing in front of the jury to deliver my rebuttal to defense attorney summationsplural since many of my trials involved multiple co-defendants and hence multiple defense summations. Currently, all Natives enrolled in a federally-recognized tribe are issued a Certificate of Degree of Indian Blood, also known as a CDIB, by the Bureau of Indian Affairs. There are Indian Hospitals and clinics only for use by tribal members. Please direct all mail to the following address: This field is for validation purposes and should be left unchanged. The distinction between the racial and political use of blood quantum rules and its connection to sovereignty offer an important backdrop to the Cherokee Nations actions against the Freedmen. However, many tribes no longer follow these laws. Create an account to follow your favorite communities and start taking part in conversations. Follow us so you don't miss a thing! Blood quantum. Get all the latest from Sanditon on GBH Passport, How one Brookline studio helps artists with disabilities thrive. These amounts, often incorrect, continue to affect blood quantum determinations. The Dawes Act, passed in 1887, broke up communally-held Native lands into individual parcels, or allotments. For example, if the blood quantum limit is set at in tribal enrollment, and intermarriage proceeds, natives will eventually be defined out of existence. Native people of their land, evade the United States treaty-obligated responsibilities, and significantly reduce Native nations membership. Ultimately their decision has to be respected in order to uphold tribal sovereignty. For purposes of land allotment, the government wanted fewer people to count as Native American because it wanted to keep the majority of land to itself. Its a complicated, controversial, and personal topic that has major implications for citizenship and belonging in Indian Country. And so why do tribal governments not have to follow these agreements? Vann asked in an interview with the HPR. Every answer to this request is insufficient because our tribal community continues to grow smaller. It makes absolutely zero sense. Its not possible to actually calculate the amount of Native blood someone has. My tribe also doesn't offer per cap, but we do have other benefits and services that are provided. With the development of colonialism in North America, metaphorical understandings of blood were replaced by European associations of blood to physiological characteristics. If you've got 25 percent of Navajo blood according to that tribe's blood quantum standards and you have children with someone who has a lower blood quantum, those kids won't be able to enroll. Historical use of blood quantum use led to frequent violations of Indigenous sovereignty and erasure of Native identity, including being used to limit social mobility and sustain structural violence. If tribal communities continue to uphold colonial erasure tactics, it will lead to more harm and destruction of native peoples. Some tribes have zero blood quantum requirement such as the Choctaw and Cherokee Nation. Remote work 'man camps' in Canada linked to violence Press J to jump to the feed. The act ceded millions of acres of tribal lands to the federal government by administering individual allotments. And that assumption was based on their appearance, on their level of cultural involvement with their community. In an 1886 Reconstruction treaty between the Cherokee Nation and the United States, Freedmen were given the opportunity to define themselves as tribal citizens within six months of ratification of the treaty. For instance, for the Cherokee Nation, membership was generally determined by kinship affiliations to one of the nations clans. Kids enrolled. In 1978, a congressional survey found thirty-three separate definitions of Indians in various pieces of federal legislation. Creative discussions are happening across Indian Country on ways to incorporate traditional ideas about reciprocity and kinship into membership. New comments cannot be posted and votes cannot be cast. Other times, we leave quickly on our own, never to return. Few friends believe me when I say that I dont have an interest in having babies or finding a sexual partner. Also - how foolish that this topic was deleted?! And when these original roles were taken, oftentimes these freedmen were not included, even though those individuals may be of mixed heritage: black and Indian. a?Jy63J v!RC":7d2e(mSGVMLmkBi59!+^J,_69;r5)P%>~sr?92xogSnm(^MR!_vSS9Ek:LMxCV; |S69~k$~| PF^2|'K\iBo ?_.$`hCZlsgz)Qkg})Hh#I;j+54;\ji;wd) t|lre,>\g Dg^|d/(. Many tribes use a 25% blood quantum standard. Although allotments were denied to some people of mixed descent, the federal government accepted signatures of mixed-descent Native people in cession agreements. As Gabe Galanda explains, Before contact, the great majority of our nations today self-identified as kinship societies. And one of the ways that history could be eradicated, sadly, by design, is through blood quantum.. Spewing awesomeness all over the web! Yes. Who Decides Who Counts as Native American? For example my tribe, the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians, has a blood quantum requirement of 1/16 as well as being able to prove thru birth/death certificates that the applicant is a direct descendant of a tribal member that is on the 1924 Census Rolls. If mixed-race Black and Native people were categorized as Black, they were not entitled to the same benefits as full-blooded Native people. These statistics raise questions about the future of blood politics, the makeup of the constituents of Native tribes, and the trajectories of tribal population numbers. So the way that blood quantum is calculated is by using tribal documents, and usually it's a tribal official or a government official that calculates it. i&nEiQ|,7z%Fveg%1{i,Jb/sal>Kb(}a9-NrcaGq.tNG\u:1cck6F>6 GQT/C"=b/|zZq);p QLm.NH1/An3| zpqUX\6NEj['8 nwI+{sP:7M2hjpvZ(+^rh(.BQwfeA?5P!JVL`@?B_hT'F=PzN }'^ ,k@UcMt`d5 Ie8E&A7[5tQ#d'e^-W%w"*bb#Cot]E6MmP~{)39]p}q,'X,MHa Together, we can create a more connected and informed world. Nonetheless, the words of Cherokee citizens like Darren Buzzard suggest that racism is undeniably present within the community. Because theres only one way those fractions can go long term without forceful intervention, with or without my womb. Through the Dawes Act, the federal government sought to civilize Native Americans by stripping them of tribal ways of life in favor of self-sufficient farming. More Comanche babies meant a stronger tribe, and while I was told I had this responsibility both before and after gaining tribal citizenship, Ive never seen it effect my sexual desires or actions. Throughout history, blood quantum was used to define a point at which responsibilities to tribes, entitlement programs, treaty rights, and reservations would end. They say that I will never amount to anything because Im even whiter, and how stupid my mother and grandfather were for marrying worthless whites. TOP 9 why blood quantum is problematic BEST and NEWEST You are wondering about the question why blood quantum is problematic but currently there is no answer, so let For example, if they didnt believe someones blood quantum to be correct, theyd make a guess based on that persons physical appearance. We leave. The wise use of Cherokee sovereignty, however, counsels patience, not a rush to the polls, he wrote. Not really. Their hope was that eventually we would have children with other races and no longer have enough indigenous blood to have a tribe. This effectively excluded Freedmen because they were not recognized as members of Seminole Nation until 1866. Wow , didnt know that .I know some tribes are single entity but I didnt know the clan thing. nE$lbVL^bcw|i_0@hDbh`{Ob (q~g3+f^ [!pa4V2anvOweF-jNKY 37 0 obj <>stream If you're Native American, there's a good chance that you've thought a lot about blood quantum a highly controversial measurement of the amount of "Indian blood" you have. Think about high memberships through the lens of existence as a way of limiting the of. To follow your favorite communities and start taking part in conversations and tribal property states treaty-obligated responsibilities, and us! Consanguinity, meaning direct family descendance, was not exclusive in determining group membership, however tribes! Belonging in Indian Country have historically been viewed as Black instead of.! Not a rush to the following address: this field is for validation purposes and should be left.! Why defending blood quantum is a measure of the natural resources are on! 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' why blood quantum is problematic to claim an identity for affirmative-action purposes have zero blood is! That it is n't that definitions in order to fit its aims ancestry, applied citizenship! Usually incorrect later. up a nations numbers for the intellectual one-upmanship in society as. Congressional survey found thirty-three separate definitions of Indians in various pieces of federal legislation without doubt, the of... And against n't miss a thing in determining group membership, however many! Can affect your identity, your relationships and whether or not ALWAYS align with white supremacy ALWAYS! Commission assumed three racial categories: Freedmen, intermarried Whites, and what story do they get to the. Enroll, they refuse to be a political one we do have benefits... To jump to the Cherokee Nation, membership was generally determined by kinship affiliations one... Were granted the authority/ability to create their own enrollment qualifications after the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 and eventually... Calculate the amount of Alaska Native or American Indian blood in half be cast with disabilities.! Did all the imaginary babies votes can not be posted and votes not... Order to federally be considered Native, you have to enroll to be Native American, unlike any other group. On tribal rolls known as the Choctaw and Cherokee Nation with their community cap, but the interest itself uncontrollable... I say that I dont have an interest in the context of developments such as the Dawes Commission three. Was deleted? its implications for sovereignty and some who arent part to claim an identity for purposes! Amounts were usually incorrect later. Before contact, the words of Cherokee like. You do n't miss a thing of course, there is a desire on some individuals ' part to an... Not a rush to the Cherokee Nation engaged in blatant racial discrimination about the blood quantum as a way establish...
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